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中华肩肘外科电子杂志 ›› 2022, Vol. 10 ›› Issue (03) : 279 -287. doi: 10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2022.03.016

综述

肩袖损伤的治疗进展
曹慧源1, 王广积1,()   
  1. 1. 570100 海口,海南医学院附属海南医院运动医学科
  • 收稿日期:2022-05-10 出版日期:2022-08-05
  • 通信作者: 王广积
  • 基金资助:
    海南省重点研发计划项目(ZDYD2019180)

Advances in treatment of rotator cuff tears

Huiyuan Cao1, Guangji Wang1()   

  • Received:2022-05-10 Published:2022-08-05
  • Corresponding author: Guangji Wang
引用本文:

曹慧源, 王广积. 肩袖损伤的治疗进展[J]. 中华肩肘外科电子杂志, 2022, 10(03): 279-287.

Huiyuan Cao, Guangji Wang. Advances in treatment of rotator cuff tears[J]. Chinese Journal of Shoulder and Elbow(Electronic Edition), 2022, 10(03): 279-287.

肩袖是肩关节前方的肩胛下肌、上方的冈上肌和后方的冈下肌及小圆肌等肌腱组织的总称[1]。这四块肌肉相互协调,维持肩关节的旋转和上举活动,肩袖的被动张力对盂肱关节面产生挤压应力有将肱骨头稳定于关节盂上的作用[2,3]。肩袖损伤是一类十分常见的肩关节退行性病变,约占肩关节病变的60%,自愈率接近于零[4],致残性极高。目前认为主要是退变外伤性机制和撞击机制联合起作用。肩袖损伤分为肌腱病、部分撕裂、完全撕裂及肩袖撕裂后关节炎几个阶段[5]。年龄在疾病进展中起着重要作用,受伤率从20岁及以下患者的9.7%增加到80岁及以上患者的62%[6]。随着年龄的增长和单侧疼痛的患者,对侧肩部的肩袖也有撕裂风险[7]。磁共振成像(magnetic resonance imaging,MRI)、电子计算机断层扫描(computed tomography,CT)、超声等影像学检查技术,即可以对早期轻度的肩袖损伤实现"早诊断、早治疗",也可提供更全面、更客观评估肩袖撕裂的位置、大小、肌腱质量、周围组织情况等影响患者治疗及预后的重要因素[8,9,10]。肩袖损伤的治疗主要围绕缓解损伤局部的炎症反应、去除撞击因素、恢复肩关节功能、满足生活和运动的需要进行。就保守治疗而言,主要适用于肌腱炎症、纤维化及部分厚度肩袖撕裂,普遍认为以肩袖部分撕裂厚度<50%作为临界点,近年来富血小板血浆(platelet-rich plasma,PRP)[11]、间充质干细胞(mesenchymal stem cells,MSCs)[12,13,14]等应用于<50%厚度肩袖撕裂治疗的研究非常热门,但是临床疗效仍然存在争议,中医针灸、推拿的治疗方法也有可取之处。从手术治疗来看,巨大肩袖撕裂目前仍是临床医生关注的热点和难题,人工补片技术的不断进步以及可吸收材料的置入垫片出现给巨大不可修复肩袖撕裂提供了新的解决方案[15]。在肩袖损伤不同阶段提出有针对性的治疗策略,是目前解决所有的肩袖损伤问题的关键。作者尝试以Ellman分型为基础结合Neer分级、Burkhart分型、LaFosse分型将临床上复杂多样的检修损伤诊断分型简单化,总结肩袖损伤从炎症初期到骨关节炎终末期疾病进展的不同阶段,针对性的提出治疗建议,体现肩袖损伤治疗的阶梯化理念。同时方便宣传和科普肩袖损伤疾病进展过程,容易被大众接受和了解。

表1 部分和全层肩袖撕裂的Ellman分型
表2 肩袖损伤分期分型及治疗方法
肌腱损伤 损伤部位 损伤程度 分型 治疗方法
肌腱炎   肌腱水肿、出血 Neer Ⅰ型 保守治疗
肌腱纤维化   肌腱出现明显纤维化 Neer Ⅱ型 保守治疗
部分撕裂        
  前方 肩胛下肌肌腱撕裂 肌腱上1/3部分撕裂 LafosseⅠ型 保守或手术单排修复
  后方 冈上肌/冈下肌关节侧撕裂 肌腱损伤厚度<25% Ellman AⅠ型 保守治疗
  肌腱损伤厚度<50% Ellman AⅡ型 保守治疗
  肌腱损伤厚度>50% Ellman AⅢ型 单排修复
  冈上肌/冈下肌滑囊侧撕裂 肌腱损伤厚度<25% Ellman BⅠ型 保守治疗/肩峰成形术
  肌腱损伤厚度<50% Ellman BⅡ型 保守治疗/肩峰成形术
  肌腱损伤厚度>50% Ellman BⅢ型 手术修复/肩峰成形术
全层撕裂        
  前方 肩胛下肌肌腱撕裂 肌腱上1/3完全撕裂 LafosseⅡ型 单排修复
  肌腱上2/3完全撕裂,下1/3无撕裂,且肌腱挛缩程度有限 LafosseⅢ型 双排锚钉修复
  肌腱完全撕裂,且脂肪浸润程度在3度及以下 LafosseⅣ型 双排锚钉修复
  肌腱完全撕裂,肱骨头向前上方移位与喙突接触,且伴有3度及以上脂肪浸润 LafosseⅤ型 肌腱转位或反肩关节置换
  后方 冈上肌/冈下肌小撕裂(< 2 cm) L型撕裂 EllmanⅠ型、L型 单排/双排/缝合桥修复
  U型撕裂 EllmanⅠ型、U型
  新月型撕裂 EllmanⅠ型、新月型
         
  冈上肌/冈下肌大撕裂(2~4 cm) L型撕裂 EllmanⅡ型、L型 单排修复
  U型撕裂 EllmanⅡ型、U型 双排/缝合桥修复
  新月型撕裂 EllmanⅡ型、新月型 单排/双排/缝合桥修复
巨大不可修复撕裂 巨大撕裂(>4 cm)   EllmanⅢ型 肱二头肌肌腱转位/补片/球囊/肌腱转位
肩袖撕裂性关节病     EllmanⅣ型 反/解剖肩关节置换
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